*If you learn how to use atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), you can do accurate and reliable chemical research. But it takes practice and concentration to fully grasp its basic ideas. Understanding ...

Fossil fuels are widely used in automobiles, industry, and power plants, but due to excessive use they are depleting at a rapid rate. This has prompted a search for renewable, sustainable, and ...

For more than thirty years, heavy metals have been considered potential toxic environmental contaminants. It is a fact that most of today’s environmental challenges revolve around the determination of ...

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Theory -- 2.1 Spectroscopy -- 2.2 Introduction to atomic spectroscopy -- 2.3 Quantitative considerations of transitions -- 2.3.1 Population of atoms in a state : ...

X-rays, a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, pack enough energy to pierce materials and interact with inner-shell electrons. 1 When they hit a sample, ...