Patient 1 was a 53-year old Caucasian female who presented with complaints of low back discomfort. She gave a medical history of self-induced abortion at 6 months’ gestation, complicated by pelvic ...

The emergence of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) from jawless vertebrates was accompanied by major morphological and physiological innovations, such as hinged jaws, paired fins and ...

Cartilaginous fish have changed much more in the course of their evolutionary history than previously believed. Evidence for this thesis has been provided by new fossils of a ray-like shark, ...

Our understanding of shark evolution may need to be rethought following the discovery of a 410-million-year-old ancestor of this group of fish. Sharks are cartilaginous fish, meaning their skeletons ...