A software-defined radio (SDR) terminal promotes programmable realizations of the physical layer functionalities. A lot of research work has been done in applying DSPs and FPGAs to implement the ...

Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...

(1) An earlier magnetic disk encoding method that places clock bits onto the medium along with the data bits. It was superseded by MFM and RLL. FM radio was invented in the early 1930s by Edwin Howard ...

Diverse well describes the myriad digital modulation schemes used in modern voice and data communications. The alphabet soup of terminology extends well beyond the familiar QAM and GMSK fundamentals ...

Radio frequency (RF) refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum where electromagnetic waves can be generated by alternating current fed to an antenna. It spans from around 3 kHz to 300 GHz. RF ...

Modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) has emerged as a pivotal technique in modern atomic physics and optical metrology. By utilising the nonlinear interaction between a modulated pump beam and an ...

Modern oscilloscopes capture, view, measure, and analyze complex RF signals in the time, frequency, and modulation domains. Time-domain analysis, the original oscilloscope function, allows users to ...

Frequency modulation spectroscopy is a nondestructive technology for determining the water activity of pharmaceutical samples. This article discusses the various pharmaceutical applications of ...