The pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD) has long been an enigma. During the first half of the last century, cholelithiasis was regarded to be due to gallbladder inflammatory disease, ...

The human body is known to produce stones in various locations, most commonly in the kidneys, the bladder, the gallbladder and the appendix. Many of these stones appear without any obvious reason.

Chemically, black pigment stones is the polymerized bilirubin with metals. Therefore, environments suitable for the formation of black pigment stones are conditions that allow chemical polymerization ...

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(A) ABC transporters: The normal functioning of ABCG8/ABCG5, ABCB4, and ABCB11 enables the transport of cholesterol, bile acids, and lipids into bile (left). Mutations in any of these result in ...

Kidney stones are hard objects made of minerals and salts in urine. The development of kidney stones occurs through the accumulation of minerals like calcium, along with oxalate or uric acid in urine.

Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in your gallbladder, an organ located on the right side of your abdomen that holds bile to be released into your small intestine.