Two skulls with perforations have been exhumed in the area of Gormaz in Soria, Spain. They have been dated from the 13th and 14th centuries -- a period in which trepanation was not commonly practiced.

Some 2,000 years ago, a Peruvian surgeon picked up a simple tool and began to scrape a hole in the skull of a living human being. Before the surgery was over, much of the patient’s fractured upper ...

In the 1860s, a U.S. newspaper editor, author, and amateur archaeologist named E.G. Squier traveled to Cuzco, Peru. He visited the home of a wealthy woman who collected antiquities to view an ancient ...