Miroslav Katsarov is the CEO of Modeshift, a technology company bringing intelligent transportation to small- and mid-size transit agencies. Open-loop payments have emerged as a high-profile trend in ...

Payments ecosystems are often categorized as either closed-loop or open-loop systems, each with distinct advantages and limitations. Closed-loop systems, such as single-provider mobile wallets like ...

First, the design of deep-space open-loop velocity measurement on the basis of China’s DSN (CDSN) is presented. The process of deep-space open-loop velocity measurement contains six steps. First, ...