Abstract: Algebraic State Transition Diagram (ASTD) is a formal, graphical, state-based modeling language for the design of complex critical systems. It offers a set of process algebra operators to ...

In Mathematics, there are no shortcuts to understanding, but there are definitely smarter paths to scoring well.

Abstract: Proving information inequalities and identities involving Shannon’s information measures under linear constraints is an important problem in information theory, because such inequalities and ...

MathBench-2025 is a reproducible benchmark framework for evaluating mathematical reasoning in large language models (LLMs). It provides structured datasets, standardized evaluation metrics, ...

Erika Rasure is globally-recognized as a leading consumer economics subject matter expert, researcher, and educator. She is a financial therapist and transformational coach, with a special interest in ...

Scott Nevil is an experienced writer and editor with a demonstrated history of publishing content for Investopedia. He goes in-depth to create informative and actionable content around monetary policy ...

The race is on to develop an artificial intelligence that can do pure mathematics, and top mathematicians just threw down the gauntlet with an exam of actual, unsolved problems that are relevant to ...

Those that solve artificially simplified problems where quantum advantage is meaningless. Those that provide no genuine quantum advantage when all costs are properly accounted for. This critique is ...

In mathematics, proofs can be written down and shared. In cryptography, when people are trying to avoid revealing their secrets, proofs are not always so simple—but a new result significantly closes ...