Understanding the interplay between T cells and B cells is pivotal to delineating both protective immunity and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Central to this dynamic are specialised CD4⁺ T ...

However, details of the intervening steps, as researchers have learned in the past 65 years, are quite complex — certain cells carry the flu antigen to the immune system, specific immune cells respond ...

Memory T cells are a special type of white blood cell that "remember" past infections and vaccines, helping our bodies to quickly respond if we encounter the same germs again. These cells are found ...

Conjugate vaccines are composed of bacterial polysaccharide antigens covalently linked to protein carriers, enabling T cell-dependent immune responses that induce high-affinity antibodies and ...

Immune amnesia — measles’ little-known complication — can leave unvaccinated children at a higher risk for infections for years.

A study conducted by scientists from the Institut Pasteur has revealed that microbes protect the lungs from subsequently developing allergies and asthma. This long-term protection is "memorized" not ...

Researchers at The Jackson Laboratory (JAX), in collaboration with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), have ...