Afferent loop syndrome (ALS) is a rare and dreaded complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Malignant ALS after PD is usually difficult to manage due to patients' poor condition. Effective and ...

Endoscopy is the primary diagnostic and therapeutic tool for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). The performance of endoscopic therapy depends on findings of stigmata of recent hemorrhage (SRH).