Abstract: A supervised machine learning (ML) algorithm is proposed for measuring refractive index (RI) values both below and above the RI of the fiber material using a multimode interference (MMI) ...

Abstract: This work presents a theoretical–experimental study of a refractive index (RI) sensor based on lossy mode resonances (LMRs) generated with a side-polished low-index polymer optical fiber.

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December’s raw materials bill topped $2 billion for the first time since August 2023 and surging lithium, nickel prices going into 2026 puts battery metals slump definitively in the rearview mirror.