We assessed how germline Y haplogroups and somatic loss of the Y chromosome (LOY) associate with risk of disease in East Asian and European populations. LOY increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in ...

Endocrine reproductive disorders are disorders that affect the reproductive endocrine system and often result in fertility problems. Examples include ovarian insufficiency and polycystic ovary ...

The nervous system enables humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour. It comprises millions of neurones and uses electrical impulses to communicate very quickly.

Hormonal changes during menstruation can cause digestive symptoms like constipation, bloating, and diarrhea. In pregnancy, hormones can relax stomach muscles, leading to heartburn and slow bowel ...

The immune system is a complex network that finds pathogens, removes damaged cells, and launches immune responses to protect the body from infection. White blood cells drive this defense: phagocytes ...