Byzantine spearmen made up the main infantry of the Eastern Roman army from Late Antiquity into the Middle Ages. They carried on the legacy of Roman legionaries—not by title, but through discipline, training, and doctrine. Equipped with the kontarion (a long thrusting spear) and protected by large shields called skouta, these troops fought in tight, well-controlled formations. Their role was not one of individual heroics but of collective endurance. A Byzantine spearman was drilled to hold his g

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